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Power and gender in computer-mediated communication: A SIDE look

Spears, R., Lea, M., Postmes, T., & Wolbert, A. (2014) "A SIDE look at computer-mediated communication: Power and the gender divide". In Zachary Birchmeier, Beth Dietz-Uhler, and Garold Stasser (Eds.). Strategic uses of social technology: An interactive perspective of social psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Filed Under: Books, Contributed chapters, Gender and Power, Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE)

strategic uses of social technology

The new communications technologies are developing at such a fast pace that it is difficult for research and theorizing to keep up. Although exploring the range of applications and instantiations of the latest forms of computer-mediated communication (CMC), texting, and video-based phone systems provides many useful insights, research and theorizing that lags behind the technological developments will run the risk of being phenomenon- and even technology-driven, making it difficult to anticipate ... Continue Reading

Last updated on December 12, 2019 by Dr. Martin Lea

Facing the future: Emotion communication and the presence of others in video communications

Manstead, A.S.R., Lea, M. & Goh, J. (2011). Facing the future: Emotion communication and the presence of others in the age of video telephony. In Arvid Kappas (Ed.) Face-to-face communication over the Internet: Issues, research, challenges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 144-175).

Filed Under: Books, Contributed chapters, Emotion communication, Video communication

Video-mediated communication is becoming a ubiquitous feature of everyday life. This chapter considers the differences between face-to-face and video-mediated communication in terms of co-presence and considers the implications for the communication of emotion, self-disclosure, and relationship rapport. Following initial consideration of the concepts of physical presence and social presence, we describe recent studies of the effect of presence on the facial communication of emotion. We then ... Continue Reading

Last updated on October 15, 2019 by Dr. Martin Lea Tagged With: anonymity, emotion, social identity, social presence, video conferencing, visibility

SIDE-VIEW: A social identity account of computer-supported collaborative learning

Rogers, P., & Lea, M. (2011). SIDE-VIEW: A social identity account of computer-supported collaborative learning. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 5 (2), article 1.

Filed Under: Collaboration and groupwork, Journal Articles, Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE)

Much is written about the benefits of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) but many accounts report problematic interactions and less than desirable outcomes for attempts at CSCL. A theoretical approach is presented that is grounded in a social identity perspective of groups and seeks to promote and support successful collaborations. Using this approach, along with examples from laboratory and field studies, key concepts such as cohesion, participation, accountability and group norms ... Continue Reading

Last updated on September 26, 2019 by Dr. Martin Lea Tagged With: CSCL, group cohesion, groups, social identity

Video-linking emotions

Parkinson, B. & Lea, M. (2011). Video-linking emotions. In Arvid Kappas (Ed.) Face-to-face communication over the Internet: Issues, research, challenges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 100-126).

Filed Under: Contributed chapters, Emotion communication, Video communication

How does video mediation influence communication of affective information? In the present chapter, we review the range of possible constraints associated with the video medium and consider their potential impact on transmission and co-ordination of emotions. In particular, we focus on the effects of transmission delays on interpersonal attunement. Results of a preliminary investigation of this issue are described. In the study, pairs of participants discussed liked and disliked celebrities ... Continue Reading

Last updated on September 15, 2018 by Dr. Martin Lea

Computer-mediated communication and social identity

Spears, R. Lea, M. & Postmes, T. (2007). CMC and social identity. In A. Joinson, K. McKenna, T. Postmes, & U Reips (Eds.) Oxford handbook of Internet psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp. 253-272).

Filed Under: Books, Computer-Mediated Communication Theory, Contributed chapters, Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE)

Oxford Hanboook of Internet Psychology

The reader is asked to tolerate a degree of egocentrism if this chapter appears to be written from an “ingroup” point of view, particularly with an emphasis on our own theoretical slant, and to some extent research. This is after all meant to be a general overview chapter on social identity and CMC. Our excuse is that this is difficult to avoid to some extent. When we started working in this area in the mid-80s there was very little research on the role of social identities in CMC, and what ... Continue Reading

Last updated on May 22, 2018 by Dr. Martin Lea

Visibility and anonymity effects on attraction and group cohesiveness

Lea, M., Spears, R., & Watt, S.E. (2007). Visibility and anonymity effects on attraction and group cohesiveness. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 761-773.

Filed Under: Journal Articles, Personal Relationships, SIDE Model of CMC, Video communication

effects of visibility and anonymity on the Internet

This study investigated attraction and group cohesiveness under different visibility and anonymity conditions for social categories that differed in their capacity to be visually cued. Using computer-mediated communication in 36 mixed gender (visually cued category) and nationality (non-visually cued category) groups, we manipulated social category salience (via discussion topic), and anonymity vs. visibility (via live video links). Under high salience, the effects of anonymity versus visibility ... Continue Reading

Last updated on September 26, 2019 by Dr. Martin Lea Tagged With: video conferencing

Social presence in distributed group environments: The role of social identity

Rogers, P. & Lea, M. (2005). Social presence in distributed group environments: The role of social identity. Behaviour & Information Technology, 24,151-158.

Filed Under: Collaboration and groupwork, Journal Articles, Video communication

social presence on the Internet a social identity account

This paper argues that to achieve social presence in a distributed environment, it is not necessary to emulate face-to-face conditions of increased cues to the interpersonal. Rather, it is argued, that a sense of belongingness to the group, or perceptual immersion in the group, can be realised through the creation of a shared social identity between group members. From this perspective, social presence is a function of the cognitive representation of the group by group members and not the ... Continue Reading

Last updated on April 29, 2016 by Dr. Martin Lea Tagged With: Behaviour Information Technology, collaborative learning, CSCL, distributed teams, SIDE, social identity, social presence, video conferencing

Cohesion in Online Groups

Rogers, P. & Lea, M. (2004). Cohesion in Online Groups. In K. Morgan, C. A. Brebbia, J. Sanchez & A. Voiskounsky (Eds.). Human Perspectives in the Internet Society: Culture, Psychology  and Gender. Southampton: WIT Press (pp.115-124).

Filed Under: Books, Collaboration and groupwork, Contributed chapters

Groups are traditionally defined in terms of the interpersonal bonds that exist between group members and thus cohesion is based on the strength of those bonds. The transition of this definition of the group onto online groups leads to attempts to emulate face to face behaviour through presentation of group member pictures, video and detailed personal descriptions. However, this can be problematic due to reduced bandwidth and individual cues necessary for supporting ... Continue Reading

Last updated on September 15, 2018 by Dr. Martin Lea

Social processes in electronic teamwork: The central issue of identity.

Lea, M., Spears, R. & Rogers, P. (2003). Social processes in electronic teamwork: The central issue of identity. In S. A. Haslam, D. van Knippenberg, M. J. Platow, & N. Ellemers (Eds.). Social identity at work: Developing theory for organizational practice. (pp. 99-116). New York: Psychology Press.

Filed Under: Books, Collaboration and groupwork, Computer-Mediated Communication Theory, Contributed chapters

In this chapter we argue that issues of identity are central to understanding how communication technologies affect organizational practice. We develop this argument by first reviewing some of the dominant approaches to understanding the social psychological processes implied or held responsible for CMC effects. We highlight the common themes underpinning these approaches, and trace their origins. As we hope to make clear, despite the variety of approaches, they rely nevertheless on a small set ... Continue Reading

Last updated on September 15, 2018 by Dr. Martin Lea

Engaging in email discussion: conversational context and social identity

Watts, L, Nugroho, Y, Lea, M. (2003). Engaging in email discussion: conversational context and social identity in computer-mediated communication. In G. W. M.Rauterberg, M. Menozzi &  J. Wesson (Eds.) Human computer interaction: INTERACT'03 (pp. xx-xx). Amsterdam: IOS Press. ISBN: 1586033638.

Filed Under: Books, Contributed chapters, Email communication

For millions of people, text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC) is a convenient and engaging way to exchange information and opinion. Research shows that the social ambiguity of text-based CMC, such as email, can both promote participation and group cohesion and lead to misunderstanding, offence and social division. We report a field experiment that attempted to expose some underlying factors. GNU Mailman was configured to promote either individual or group perspectives during email ... Continue Reading

Last updated on January 7, 2017 by Dr. Martin Lea

Social Psychology of the Internet

Lea, M. & Spears, R. (2003). Social Psychology of the Internet. In K. Christensen & D. Levinson (Eds.) Sage Encyclopedia of Community: From the Village to the Virtual World. (pp. 779-783). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Filed Under: Books, Computer-Mediated Communication Theory, Contributed chapters

Social psychology has a long history of researching the effects of communication technologies, such as the telephone and television, on individuals and groups. Social psychological research on the Internet has focused predominantly on text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC), such as e-mail, bulletin boards, newsgroups, conferencing, and chat. These have been compared both theoretically and empirically with face-to-face communication or with some other standard that controls for certain ... Continue Reading

Last updated on May 13, 2019 by Dr. Martin Lea Tagged With: anonymity, audio conferencing, bandwidth, communication efficiency, community, decision-making, deindividuation, gender, groups, paralanguage, personal relationships, SIDE Model, social identity, Social influence, social information processing, social presence, video conferencing

How social is Internet communication? A reappraisal of bandwidth and anonymity effects

Susan Watt, Martin Lea, & Russell Spears (2002). How social is Internet communication? A reappraisal of bandwidth and anonymity effects. In Steve Woolgar (Ed.) Virtual Society? (pp.61-77). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Filed Under: Books, Computer-Mediated Communication Theory, Contributed chapters, Publications

The use of Internet communications has increasingly become part of our lives both at work and at home, for business and for recreation. Internet communications are augmenting and substituting for many of the interpersonal and group interactions that were previously conducted face-to-face. Surveys have repeatedly shown that electronic mail benefits business as a replacement for meetings (McKenna & Bargh, 2000), and evidence is also emerging that interpersonal communication is the dominant ... Continue Reading

Last updated on September 15, 2018 by Dr. Martin Lea

Intergroup differentiation in computer-mediated communication: Effects of depersonalization

Postmes, T., Spears, R. & Lea, M. (2002). Intergroup differentiation in computer-mediated communication: Effects of depersonalization. Group Dynamics, Theory, Research and Prractice, 6, 3-16. (Special issue on 'Groups and the Internet').

Filed Under: Journal Articles

Two studies examined intergroup discussions via computer-mediated communication systems. It was hypothesized that depersonalization, in comparison with individuated interaction, would increase the tendency for intergroup differentiation in attitudes and stereotypes. In Study 1, 24 groups communicated internationally over the Internet in a longitudinal design. Interacting groups, based in 2 different countries, were individuated versus partially unidentifiable, and thus depersonalized. Results ... Continue Reading

Last updated on September 6, 2017 by Dr. Martin Lea

When are net effects gross products? The power of influence and the influence of power in computer-mediated communication

Spears, R., Postmes, T., Lea, M. & Wolbert, A. (2002). When are net effects gross products? The power of influence and the influence of power in computer-mediated communication. Journal of Social Issues 58, 91-107 (Invited contribution to Issue on 'Consequences of the Internet for self and society'').

Filed Under: Books, Contributed chapters, Gender and Power, Journal Articles, Publications

Consequences of the Internet

The rush to judgment about the social effects of the new communications media has branded them as positive and negative in equal measure. Alienation from "real world' relationships coupled with a lack of social regulation within the medium is balanced by liberation from the influences, inequalities, and identities to which people are subjected in face-to-face interaction. The authors argue that such general conclusions may in fact be turned upside down and propose that these media may actually ... Continue Reading

Last updated on September 15, 2018 by Dr. Martin Lea

SIDE-VIEW: Evaluation of a prototype system to develop team players and improve productivity in Internet collaborative learning groups

Lea, M., Rogers, P. & Postmes, T. (2002). SIDE-VIEW: Evaluation of a prototype system to develop team players and improve productivity in Internet collaborative learning groups. British Journal of Educational Technology 33, 53-64.

Filed Under: Collaboration and groupwork, Journal Articles

This paper briefly summarizes the initial development of a computer-supported collaborative learning environment and evaluates its effects in relation to the productivity of CSCL groups. The design of the SIDE-VIEW system is driven by the social identity approach to understanding group behaviour and is premised upon the need to establish congruity between the self-definition of group members and their collaborative learning tasks. We begin by outlining the rationale for the system in relation to ... Continue Reading

Last updated on September 6, 2017 by Dr. Martin Lea

A SIDE view of social influence

Spears, R., Postmes, T., Lea, M., & Watt, S. E. (2001). . In J. P. Forgas & K. D. Williams (Eds.). Social influence: Direct and indirect processes (pp. 331-350). Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.

Filed Under: Books, Contributed chapters, Publications, Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE)

Social influence direct and indirect processes

Researchers from the field of intergroup relations, and notably self-categorization theorists, have investigated how our group memberships impinge on the social influence process. Much progress has been made in showing how ingroup and outgroup information is processed differently and can have different impacts. Within this tradition, the way in which we categorize the source is more than an input, but may actually change the way we see the same message, and even whether we process it ... Continue Reading

Last updated on September 15, 2018 by Dr. Martin Lea

Computer-mediated communication as a channel for social resistance: The strategic side of SIDE

Spears, R., Lea, M., Corneliussen, R. A., Postmes, T., & Ter Haar, W. (2002). Computer-mediated communication as a channel for social resistance: The strategic side of SIDE. Small Group Research 33, (5), 55-574. (Special Issue on ‘European views of computer-mediated communication’).

Filed Under: Gender and Power, Journal Articles, Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE)

In two studies, the authors tested predictions derived from the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) concerning the potential of computer-mediated communication (CMC) to serve as a means to resist powerful out-groups. Earlier research using the SIDE model indicates that the anonymity of virtual groups can accentuate the lower differentials associated with salient social identities: a cogntive effect. The present research builds on the strategic component of the SIDE model ... Continue Reading

Last updated on April 29, 2016 by Dr. Martin Lea

Knowing me, knowing you: Anonymity effects on social identity processes within groups

Lea, M., Spears, R.  & de Groot, D. (2001). Knowing me, knowing you: Anonymity effects on social identity processes within groups. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 526-537.

Filed Under: Journal Articles, Video communication

The Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE) proposes that depersonalization of self and others is responsible for the effects of visual anonymity on group behavior. The authors investigated these mediating processes by assessing the effects of group-based self-categorization and stereotyping of others on group attraction within visually anonymous or video-identifiable groups communicating via computer. Structural equation modeling showed that visual anonymity increased ... Continue Reading

Last updated on April 28, 2017 by Dr. Martin Lea

Social psychological theories of computer-mediated communication: Social pain or social gain?

Spears, R., Lea, M., & Postmes, T. (2001). Social psychological theories of computer-mediated communication: Social pain or social gain? In W. P. Robinson and H. Giles (eds.) The New Handbook of Language and Social Psychology (pp. 601-623). Chichester: Wiley.

Filed Under: Books, Computer-Mediated Communication Theory, Contributed chapters, Language in communication

It is a safe bet that computer-mediated communication (CMC) features in the everyday life of those likely to be consulting this volume. Less than two decades ago this would not have been the case. The growth of the Internet has meant that CMC use has become ubiquitous in the developed world, and a marker of social exclusion for those denied access. Social science has hardly kept pace with these technological changes in communication, either in terms of understanding their global impacts or ... Continue Reading

Last updated on September 15, 2018 by Dr. Martin Lea Tagged With: anonymity, deindividuation, groups, interpersonal, language, paralanguage, SIDE Model, social identity, theories

The formation of group norms in computer-mediated communication

Postmes, T., Spears, R. & Lea, M. (2000). The formation of group norms in computer-mediated communication. Human Communication Research, 26, 341-71.

Filed Under: Journal Articles

The formation of group norms in computer-mediated communication (CMC) was examined among students who used email as part of a course. A network analysis of group structures revealed that (a) content and form of communication is normative, group norms defining communication patterns within groups, (b) conformity to group norms increases over time, (c) communication outside the group is governed by different social norms. Results show that norms prescribing a particular use of technology are ... Continue Reading

Last updated on April 28, 2017 by Dr. Martin Lea

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